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Word formation in English
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Word formation in English © www.englishgrammar.org The English language has a genius for the formation of expressive compound words. Common examples include sun-stroke, pick-pocket, elbow-room, land-lord, humming-bird etc. The two parts of a compound word are usually separated by a hyphen. However, in the case of many common compound words, the component parts have become so closely connected that they are now written as one word without any hyphen between them. Examples are: sunstroke, landlord, pickpocket, overload etc. And in the case of some other compound words, complete integration has been achieved by modifying one or both of the component parts. For example, pass time is now written as pastime. In the same way, holy day has become holiday and prime rose has become primrose. There are different types of compound words Noun + noun Examples are: master-piece, table-cloth, maid-servant, bread-winner, shoe-maker etc. Noun + gerund Examples are: wool-gathering, snake-charming, bull-baiting, sooth-saying etc. Noun + adjective Examples are: court-martial, knight-errant Gerund + noun Examples are: piping-hot, walking-stick, drawing-room, laughing-stock, skipping-rope etc. Adverb + noun Word formation in English © www.englishgrammar.org Examples are: out-patient, over-load, fore-sight, under-tone, in-sight etc. Verb + noun Examples are: dare-devil, cut-throat, break-fast, spend-thrift, pass-port etc. Adjective + noun Examples are: short-hand, free-thinker, lay-man, hard-ware, strong-hold etc. Present participle + noun Examples are: humming-bird, flying-fish, loving-kindness etc. Pronoun + noun Examples are: he-goat Possessive noun + noun (In this case, the apostrophe is usually omitted) Examples are: sportsman, craftsman, statesman, hair’s-breadth, stone’s-throw
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